Managers Should Stick to Leading and Directing....

„Managers should stick to leading and directing. Facilitation has no place in management.† Is facilitation really not needed and wanted in management? In the following pages I will discuss the validity of this statement with its pros and cons. Historical evolution of management thought If we go back in history we are shown how managers became what they are now. They use basically the same techniques and have the same principles managers from decades back had already. Management and leadership have always played a role in very old institutions for instance the church and the army. Leadership qualities such as leading others, being composed, confident and resilient were and are typical for those institutions. Furthermore those†¦show more content†¦Successful companies even show that systematic training and motivation for their employees not only pay off socially but also economically. These companies have less absences and labour turnover rates than comparable companies in the same branch that don’t train their employees. Furthermore their workers show a higher motivation and innovation input. Looking at it internationally a â€Å"standardized† management style has many advantages. For one thing it makes the behaviour of bosses towards staff more judgeable (for the staff) and for another thing it leads to more fairness. That means that situations are managed similarly in different functions and departments. Through that, communication and cooperation with each other is way easier. Demotivating feelings of iniquitousness don’t even come up. Of course internationally as nationally there are all sorts of managerial styles. It goes from the authoritative style where the boss gives orders without explanations to the cooperative style where there are mutual agreements between superior and employee. Also the laissez-faire or the autonomic style where the decisions and responsibilities are to a great extent or even completely up to the employee. But leading also depends on the circumstances and the situation in which leading takes place. For instance the company structure, the organization, the corporate culture, the personality of the employee and the boss and theShow MoreRelatedLeading Function of Management15642 Words   |  63 Pages1 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT – Report on The LEADING Function of Management FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT Management has been described as a social process involving responsibility for economical and effective planning regulation of operation of an enterprise in the fulfillment of given purposes. It is a dynamic process consisting of various elements and activities. 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Pablo Picasso and Stelarc Free Essays

Introduction- Pablo Picasso and Stellar are two artists who both use shock tactics to create artworks that resonate with the audience. Although ones a modernist and the other a postmodernist, they both share similarities in their subject matter, and that is shock value. Body 1- Pablo Picasso was a Spanish artist who was born in 1881. We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo Picasso and Stelarc or any similar topic only for you Order Now Picasso was a painter, printmaker, ceramicist, sculptor and stage designer who spent majority of his life living in France. Picasso showed outstanding talent from a young age, who painted in a realistic manner throughout his entire childhood, and into adolescence. Picasso as seen to be one of the most creative artists of the 20th century, who played a major impact influencing young artists. Picasso is also well known for co- founding the period of the cubist movement, along with the invention of sculpture which was constructed, the co-invention of collage and the numerous amount of styles of which he developed by exploring further than other artists. The cubist movement was a type of essential approach to the representation of form and space. The style was first formed from Analytic Cubism to the later Synthetic Cubism, in which forms seemed to be covered over one another. Picasso was seen as a modernist artist as he was the co-founder of cubism, as well as most of his art being abstract and full of shape. Modernism is known for being individual as well as providing artistic theories while expressing and testing out new ideas. The modernist style was firstly found in retail, entertainment, fashion and shops and wasn’t properly recognized in art until the late sass’s. Artworks- the Weeping Woman series features the most famous artworks in which Pablo Picasso painted. One of these artworks ‘Queering’ is featured throughout the series. Queering is mural sized, oil on canvas which Picasso painted in 1937. Queering displays the chaos and tragedy of which individuals and innocent civilians, even animals and building experienced when the bombing of Queering occurred. The painting is seen as more of a p eace symbol rather than an artwork, which helped bring the Spanish Civil War to the world’s attention. Another artwork relating to Queering was Picasso famous artwork Weeping Woman’. Weeping Woman is viewed as a continuation of the tragedy obvious in Queering. Weeping Woman was also oil on canvas and was also painted in 1937, to Join his series. The woman which can be seen in Weeping Woman can also be found in his previous work Queering. She is en clutching onto what appears to be her dead child who was killed from the Spanish Civil War. There are a large variety of etchings, drawings and paintings that feature this emotional female character. Both Weeping Woman and Queering are seen as visual representations on the emotion and feelings that the people felt towards the bombing and war, although some people believe, these paintings were also evaluating the relationship Picasso had with the model Dora, which is the emotional woman featured in these two artworks, representing the fiery relationship they had, although these artworks created a positive dynamic between the artwork, artist, model and even audience. Both artworks of Queering and Weeping woman are seen as the artist’s personal way in shocking the audience by painting the torment of a man haunted by the horrific images of the massacres taking place around him, in the Civil War. Picasso work easily shocked the audience when they were first painted his works as it vilified government and war. Stellar is a postmodern artist who can relate to using the same theme which is shock value, similar to Stellar. Stellar is a Cypriot-Australian artist who was born in 1946. He moved from Cyprus to Australia when he was at a young age. Stellar studied Arts and Craft at T. S. T. C. , Art and Technology at CHATEAU and M. R. I. T. , Melbourne University. He not only studied, but taught Art and Sociology at Yashmak International School and Sculpture and Drawing at Ballard University College. Stealer’s work if often based on suspensions, simulations and interventions of the body, going further beyond what any other artist would usually go. He uses technology to confront the audience and challenge the concept of art. He unites artwork and audience by extending his own body and its capabilities, using it as a sculpture or boundary with technology. He is also well known by his bizarre and different style of artwork through the use of performance, art events and interactive artworks. Stellar has engaged with the theme of the body throughout majority of his artworks. He has the reputation to be involved with his artworks, therefore making them personal to himself and becoming engaged with also the audience. Stellar is a postmodern artist as he emerges art movement which contradict modernism in his artworks. Some of these art movements include intermediary, installation, conceptual art and multimedia, generally involving video which is described at postmodern. 2 artworks- Stellar is well known by many people as the artist who uses suspension to portray a performance, using his body as a medium. In the seventies, when Stellar first started experimenting with suspensions, he made his performances mostly private and all acts were performed with surgical equipment. Stealer’s suspension performances attracted the audience as it provided them with excitement which occasionally generated shock value. Stealers artwork Suspension, involved his naked flesh, pierced with hooks, which were inserted with wires and pulleys which raised him up off the ground, pulling and stretching at his skin. When the hook enters Stealer’s skin, it causes his body to become a physical extension. This then shocks the audience, although it stimulates a calm reaction from Stellar, slower pulse and blood flow is then diminished. Another famous artwork which Stellar has created to gain a reaction from the audience is his artwork Extended Arm. The Extend is constructed materials such as stainless steel, aluminum and acrylic. The artwork is a lifelike robotic hand, with five fingers, with some novel capabilities. It is able to do such movements such as wrist rotation as well as thumb rotation, individual finger flexing tit each finger being able to gripper in it. Similar to Picasso, Stellar designs his artworks in hoping to shock the audience which will attract the audience to gain interest in his artworks, and to get his name well known by the general public. As Picasso famous artworks have been around for years longer than Stellar, both artists portrayed their own type of shock. The way shock is seen now, in comparison to when Picasso first originally started creating artworks, has changed drastically, as shock back then wouldn’t create the same impact in present. How to cite Pablo Picasso and Stelarc, Papers

Agriculture in the Uae free essay sample

Agriculture in the UAE Lying in the heart of the worlds arid zone, the UAE has little rainfall and one would expect it to be a barren place. Barren places there certainly are, but the process of desertification has very largely been arrested in the country. It is now possible to see forests, fields of grass and wheat where once there were only desert sands and winds. The UAE has a long tradition of agriculture in its oases where crops have been grown for 5000 years. Underground water was chandelled to palm groves and small fields and the technique is still used today. Since the formation of the UAE in 1971, this small scale traditional farming has been complemented by investment that has seen thousands of hectares being cultivated. In the past 25 years, the countrys population has increased ten-fold and agricultural production has kept pace with this growth. The country is self-sufficient in salad crops and poultry for much of the year and even exports crops to markets in Europe. We will write a custom essay sample on Agriculture in the Uae or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most of the UAEs agricultural production comes from four areas: from in and around Al Ain, from a narrow but fertile strip along the east coast, from the oasis of Dhaid east of Sharjah and from the gravel plains in Ras al Khaimah. According to figures from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, agricultural production stands at over Dh 2 billion per year. An average crop season yields over 600,000 tons of crops such as tomatoes, cucumbers, aubergines, lettuce, cabbage and animal feed. Studies have shown that much of the countrys soil can be cultivated provided there is water and as a result, there has been an extensive programme to drill water wells. The government will prepare land for local farmers which they are then given free along with seeds, machinery and advice on pest control. There is also government-funded research on different crops to see how they adapt to the local climate. In an attempt to conserve and use as much water as possible in as many ways as possible, the government has embarked on a three-part programme designed to make the most advantageous use of this scarce resource. First, farmers are given advice on how to reduce their consumption of water, mainly through trickle irrigation. Desalinated water as well as recycled and purified sewage effluent is used. Second, with the help of the United States Geological Survey, the government is searching for ew aquifers and monitoring current rates of extraction. Third and last, to prevent the waste of valuable rainwater, retention dams have been constructed in many areas. These store the water until it can be used for irrigation. Tens of millions of gallons of rainwater are being retained by the dams already built throughout the Emirates. In the long run, of course, it is realized that desalinated water will provide the bulk of agricultural water. There is more to agriculture than simply growing crops. One area that has seen dramatic growth is the keeping of poultry for meat and eggs. The same is true of dairy products. Herds of imported cattle have adapted to the climate and are now producing milk, cheese and yogurt for the local market. The presence of trees and gardens in the UAE is always noticed and commented upon by visitors. Over 10 million trees have been planted plus more than 18 million palm trees. In all the cities and towns of the UAE, there have been beautification campaigns with the creation of parks and gardens for the local people. Any householder, even those in flats, can get free plants from the Municipality under a programme that distributes thousands of plants annually. Besides the greening of the cities and towns there has also been a massive programme in the desert and it is here that most of the trees have been planted. Flying over the desert, one now sees great patches of green where formerly there was only sand. All kinds of arid region plants, both local and imported, have been planted and as they grow to maturity, their roots reach down to the natural water supply. When this happens, they will be able to survive with little care and attention. The face of the land and the environment too have been changed. Wildlife flourishes as do native plants and animals. The UAE was never purely and simply a desert. Today it has become a place where greenery can be seen in both urban and rural areas. Twenty years of dedicated commitment have made the point that the process of desertification is reversible. And given time and money, that is exactly what has happened and is continuing to happen.

Miniaturization

Miniaturisation is the process of continued minimisation of the sizes of devices and products. Hunt (1995) argues that miniaturisation is the ability to build smaller, lighter and stronger devices than before. The miniaturised devices are usually powerful and of a better quality than the predecessor versions.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Miniaturization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The best illustration of miniaturisation probably is in the technological development of computers. This is where the vacuum tubes were replaced with transistors. This led to the evolution of computers from the mainframe to personal computers, down to laptops and smart phones. In strategic management, the use of technology is almost indispensable. This means that the improvements in technology will certainly be reflected in the management of organisations. Miniaturising has had many positive effects in the management sector. On e of these benefits is portability. Electronic devices are becoming smaller and smaller with leaps and shifts in technology. This facilitates carrying around information required in management of organisations. It also decreases the transportation costs of devices (Hunt, 1995). Another advantage is that the devices are of a better quality. Their performance is enhanced; they are efficient; and they are appealing (Chris, 2000). No one can argue the fact that the cell phones, I pods, Modu mobiles, among others are more appealing than the traditional landline telephones. Miniaturisation also has negative impacts. The decreasing size of devices may be a positive and applauded aspect, but it can be a nightmare too. Key areas where Miniaturisation can impact on my life, my career and my future Privacy The reduction of the size of technological devices has made stalking and invasion of privacy an easy process. Clarke (n.d) asserts that intrusion has become more efficient and advanced than before with the aid of computers, certain programs, devices and the internet. The size of video cameras and phones can perform surveillance without the object surveillance unaware. Bennett and Grant (1998) observe that the price of these miniaturised devices is very affordable that almost anyone can afford them. These devices now form the novel, modern frontier of stalking. This means that individuals can take photos and videos of other individuals without not only their consent, but their knowledge too. In the hands of the wrong people, this can be a tool for blackmailing or embarrass people.Advertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scenario: Assume a scenario in the workplace where an employee who happens to be an office snitch has in possession of a miniaturised video camera records another employee’s personal information, photos or a recording. Such an employee can use such information to embarrass the other employee, or even use it for blackmailing. Such instances will cause tension and discord in the workplace which can be such a big problem for the management to solve. Risks Likelihood Impact Level of Risk Opportunities Likelihood Impact Level of Risk 1. Tainting of reputation. 2. Threat of blackmail. 3. Discord in an organisation. 4. Improper use of information. 3 2 4 5 4 3 3 4 8 9 14 18 1. Easier communication in the organisation. 4 3 11 Likelihood: Very Unlikely-1, Most Likely-5 Impact: Negligable-1, Dramatic-5 The main negative impact of miniaturised devices is the use of information acquired unlawfully in a destructive way. Such occurrences in the work place can lead to unnecessary tension and discord among the employees. Ease in loss In the same way, miniaturised devices bring about ease in portability and storage. However, this also comes with the threat of easily losing these devices. The small size of phones, cameras, and video rec orders mean that they can easily drop without the owner realising. They are also delicate due to their small size and intricate designs. They can be easily destroyed when dropped or when excessive pressure is applied, which is unlike their predecessors that were more. When devices containing important organisational information get lost, that is a major loss to the organisation. Ease of comfort and ease of portability with miniaturised devices also means that there is ease of theft and getting lost (Butler, 2005). Scenario: Assume a scenario where an employee in the organisation is working on a certain project and saves the work in a flash disk. The employee forgets to have any backup anywhere else, and then accidentally loses the flash disk. It then becomes a temporary or even somewhat permanent setback to the organisation, depending on the degree of importance of the information therein. Risks Likelihood Impact Level of Risk 1.Property loss 2.Loss of vital information 3.Setba ck in organisational functions 4 3 4 4 2 4 13 9 14 Likelihood: Very Unlikely-1, Most Likely-5 Impact: Negligable-1, Dramatic-5Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Miniaturization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The size of the miniaturised devices poses a challenge in how safe they can be. It is very easy to lose vital organisational information which can result in a major setback especially when there was no back up. Lose of these devices also means financial loss since they are very costly due to their advanced nature. Distraction It is very clear that miniaturised technological devices are a source of wonder. This is in respect to how well they perform and the many functions those reduced-size devices can have. The devices are known to cause a lot of distraction to their users. Miniaturised devices, especially handsets and hand-free phones have a way of getting in the way of business at hand like driving, wo rking and other important activities. In a working setting, workers may lose concentration of important tasks and duties to surf the net on their miniaturised handsets. Brace, Young and Regan (2007), observe that mobile phone can have significant effects on the concentration of an individual and affect clear thinking. Scenario: Assume a scenario where a very critical task has been assigned to an individual in an organisation. Also, assume that this individual recently purchased a state of the art miniaturised device which has been the recipient of all the individual’s wonder and fascination, wonder and attention the past couple of days. Such an individual will waste a lot of time still familiarising with the device. In turn, he or she will hand in the assignment way past the deadline; or maybe the task will be very poorly done. This will of course reflect on the organisation at the end of the day as the results will be poor. Risks Likelihood Impact Level of risk Opportunit ies Likelihood Impact Level of risk Neglecting duties and tasks 4 4 7 1.Expansion of knowledge 2.Easier communication 4 3 3 4 16 15 Likelihood: Very Unlikely-1, Most Likely-5 Impact: Negligable-1, Dramatic-5 The miniaturised devices are a source of amazement to many. This may cause major distraction problems in the work place. Individuals may neglect duties to spend time on these devices. This leads to lower performance and results for the organisation.Advertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Response for the high priority risks associated with the major issues above 1. Privacy issues: Policies should be set in place in the organisation to protect and guard the privacy of individuals in the organisation. The management should take strategic measures to ensure that boundaries are not crossed. The human resource department should be very keen to mark individuals with tendencies of flouting this policy. 2. Information misuse: individuals who may wish to use sensitive information that they might have gathered about others should not have that chance. The organisation’s policies, rules and regulations governing the conduct of individuals should state definite penalties on such behaviours to discourage the occurrence. 3. Loss of devices: Miniaturised devices are expensive. Loss of such devices can cause an organisation a lot of funds. Individuals should thus be encouraged to be careful and keen when using them so as to minimise such loses. Fines should be charged upon l oss of such devices so that such loses are minimised. 4. Loss of critical information: members of an organisation dealing with critical information should always have some back up elsewhere to avoid setbacks in case the devices get lost. 5. Distraction: The importance of delivery of quality work and punctuality should be emphasized in the organisation so as to ensure that individuals give the best and that they avoid distractions that might deter them from delivering. Summary In conclusion, it is wise to note that miniaturisation is a continuous process that is not about to end anytime soon. The above issues are only the current issues associated with miniaturisation. More issues are to be expected as the process goes on in the future. As a strategic manager, following the above recommendations for the next five years will ensure that the organisation continues meeting its daily, monthly and annual target. However, the above issues are not constant. In this case, some will be added, and others will be pulled out when they become obsolete. Reference list Bennett, C. J. Grant, R. A. 1998, Visions of privacy: policy choices for the digital age, University of Toronto Press, Toronto. Brace, C. L., Young, K. L. and Regan, M. A. 2007, Analysis of the Literature: The Use of Mobile Phones While Driving. Web. Butler, C. W. 2005, Miniaturisation. Web. Chris, M. 2000, The First Computer. Web. Clarke, P. A. P., A Statutory Right of Privacy. Web. Daniel, L. 2008, Modu Is the Smallest and Lightest Cell Phone. Web. Hunt, E. B. 1995, Will we be smart enough: a cognitive analysis of the coming workforce, Russell Sage Foundation, New York. This report on Miniaturization was written and submitted by user Bryant B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write an Essay on a Poem by Emily Dickinson

How to Write an Essay on a Poem by Emily Dickinson In our 10 facts on poems by Emily Dickinson for a college essay you came across interesting facts about the life and inspirations of Emily Dickinson. Your next concern was probably looking for a specific focus, so we provided you with 20 topics on poems by Emily Dickinson for a college essay. There was also a sample essay at the end of that guide, if you recall. Now that you’ve finalized the topic your research material, let’s discuss the actual essay. Just like every other academic essay, if you’re willing to write one on the poems of Emily Dickinson, then it would also need a thesis. The main idea behind such an essay should be summarizing the thought process of Ms. Dickinson so that your readers can understand the true meaning of her poems. Poetry Essay Understanding the What Essays about poetry revolve around understanding the thought process of a poet. This analysis could be about one poem or a collection, since we’ve covered Ms. Dickinson’s entire life, you can choose a topic more broadly. Thesis Statement Every poem has its own meaning behind it and it doesn’t matter how straightforward they are, because we all have different interpretations. Ms. Dickinson’s work had a lot of layers, hence it’s very much possible that interpretations of different people may not be similar. There are three important questions that you need to ask yourself in order to make the perfect thesis statement: What is the poem is about and why was it written this way? Why did Ms. Dickinson choose to go with particular words and metaphors in her work? What is the desired effect that Ms. Dickinson wanted to achieve? Connecting the Thesis to the Outline Answer the questions above and you’ll be able to write a good thesis. Your essay from here onwards should be about your own arguments. The thesis, however, needs to be specific; your statement needs to resonate with the thought process of Emily Dickinson and your arguments should not only support your interpretations, but also prove them. The Outline Break your essay into three parts: Introduction Argument Conclusion The introduction kicks off your essay and this is where you give your statement thesis and define the boundaries of your essay. The second portion, arguments, should be roughly between 3 to 5 paragraphs and every paragraph should be convincing and supportive to your arguments. Ms. Emily is a well-researched poet of American literature and there are a lot of books available on her poetic themes; go through them and discuss the themes in your own words in the arguments section. Finally, the conclusion portion should conclude the essay by knitting together the introduction and the arguments. There you have it, this was the final guide in our long list of guides. You are now fully equipped to write a compelling essay on poems by Emily Dickinson. We wish you the best!

Regulation of Fast Food Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Regulation of Fast Food - Research Paper Example The author of the paper states that the preparation of fast food also may involve using high amounts of oil and unhealthy ingredients, which thus raise the question as to whether the consumption of fast food, should be under regulation or control of the government. Moreover, many ingredients used in the preparation of fast food are hardly worth being used in human food since they are extremely unhealthy and unfit. Research (Reynolds, pp 40-55) carried out has shown that by the year 2050, one in every three Americans will be suffering from diabetes due to high consumption of fast food (Reynolds, pp 43-58). Many efforts and plans have previously been under action in order to control the consumption of such meals. Some diseases included in the never-ending list of diseases caused by extensive intake of fast food include cholesterol, cancer, heart diseases, and diabetes. Additionally, it causes people to become overweight which in turn increases health insurance costs. Considering the si tuation mentioned above, it is thus quite important that the government take some action to provide a healthy lifestyle for its people and nation. This is because, as the head of the state or country, it is the responsibility of the government to ensure that it guides the people following it, on the straight path and leads them towards what is correct (Allen & Albala, pp. 88-97). This is because it is the job of the government to step in and control matters when the public fails to do so. Of course, it is impossible to completely ban fast food restaurants or the consumption of fast food either, but surely the consumption of such meals can be controlled or monitored. This can be done by limiting the number of fast food restaurants operating in the country and issuing cards to every citizen having the ability to consume fast food. Thus, every time the person consumes fast food a check mark can be put and thus, their intake of such foods can easily be under regulation. Children at scho ol are seen mostly surviving on fast food, and parents are not able to do much about it since they themselves are so busy with work and other responsibilities. Parents themselves consume excessive amounts of fast food and their children just follow them in doing so (Allen & Albala, pp. 105-132). Now, if the government will not take control of the situation then who will take it is the question. On the contrary, there are many people who do not agree with my stance and believe that the government should stay out of their business and let them lead their own lives and raise their children their own method. They believe that there should be freedom to eat what one wants and that no one can be stopped from doing wrong things since they all live in a free country and have certain right s that should not be taken away from them. Most people want to be free to choose what they eat and do with their life and believe it is surely not the business for the government to keep a track of what th ey are eating and in what quantity (Allen & Albala, pp. 100-122). These people believe that issues that are more important need attention from the government at this time, as compared with focusing on people’s consumption of fast food.

Multinational Corporation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Multinational Corporation - Assignment Example In reality, many international investors are seemingly small and weak. For instance, multinational firms originating from developing countries have become a visible force in the world of FDI (Wells, 1983) Small and medium-sized firms also play significant roles in outward investment (Buckley et al, 1988), which have benefited many countries, thereby ending up in predicting future threats. "FDI is a cross-border production activity that takes place for a number of reasons. Investment decisions are affected by market size and cost differentials, with firms investing in locations with relatively low production costs". (Barrell, 1997) After grappling with the question of why MNCs engages in International production, four theories are identified that attempts to explain four motivations for FDI, named Monopolistic Advantage Theory, Oligopolistic Reaction Theory, Internationalisation Theory and the Eclectic Paradigm. Hymer suggests that FDI occurs in imperfectly competitive markets and adopted an industrial organisation approach to explain the process of international production. Kindleberger details the nature of the monopolistic advantages that the foreign investor may possess over its domestic competitors. Thus, he indicates that these advantages may arise in the goods market to achieve vertical or horizontal integration. Kindleberger also states that monopolistic advantages may arise through the actions of government in the host country. In restricting imports, the government may inadvertently stimulate FDI. However, Caves argues that the vertically extended foreign investor does not rely on the possession of these unique assets. Its motivations for international production are to avoid oligopolistic uncertainty concerning the long-term supply and pricing of its inputs as well as to erect barriers to entry against new rivals. Hood and Young (1979) postulate that the monopolistic advantage theory fully explains the FDI made by US multinational enterprises during the post-World War II period. However, they question whether the MNC needs to possess any advantage when investing in developing countries, since it is confronted with little domestic competition. They cite the example of Japanese ventures in developing countries that are faced with few, if any, effective local competitors. (Hood and Young, 1979) Oligopolistic Reaction Theory Knickerbocker argues that a rival firm's moves into a foreign market not only could threaten the corporate earnings of the other oligopolists, but also could result in it acquiring competitive assets far in excess of those it already possesses. Thus, he posits, the defensive investment undertaken by the other oligopolists serves to maintain the balance of competition within the industry. (Barclay, 2000, p. 23) Knickerbocker postulates that it is the firms